View source for LOCAL APPLICATION OF THE TECHNIQUE WATER HARVESTING IN POOLS AND CISTERNS 34

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<!--  <h1 style="font-size: 16px; color: #AAAAAA; border-bottom: 0; font-weight: bold">WATER HARVESTING IN POOLS AND CISTERNS  - Lake Titicaca, BOLIVIA</h1>-->
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		              <td><img src="https://tkwb.org/imgcategory/C2.jpg" style="padding: 10px; height: 120px;" /></td>
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				                <td><font style="font-size: 16px; padding-left: 8px;">Technique:</font></td>
		        		        <td style="padding-left:10px;"><font style="font-size: 20px;">WATER HARVESTING IN POOLS AND CISTERNS </font></td>
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						        <td><font style="font-size: 16px; ">Local name:</font></td>
				        		<td style="padding-left:10px;"><font style="font-size: 20px;">Qochas and Waru Waru </font></td>
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                				<td><font style="font-size: 16px; padding-left: 54px;">Site:</font></td>
                				<td style="padding-left:10px;"><font style="font-size: 20px;">Lake Titicaca, BOLIVIA</font></td>
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            <h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Location</h2>
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                <td width="196"><img onclick="window.open('http://web.tkwb.org/tkwb/public/getMap?latitude=-15.75&longitude=-68.64&technique=C2.jpg')" style=" cursor: pointer; height: 174px;" src="https://tkwb.org/imgcategory/earth.jpg" >
                <p align="center">Click the globe to see the techinique on Google Map</p>
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                <td><b>Continent:</b> South America
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                <b>Country:</b> Bolivia 
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                <b>Site:</b> Lake Titicaca
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                <b>Coordinates:</b>
                <br>Lat: 
                -15.75
                <br>Long: 
                -68.64</td>
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            <h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Description of the local variant of the technique</h2>
            <p style="text-align: justify;">Agriculture on the Bolivian plateaus is a high risk occupation. This region lies atan elevation of 4.000 m above sea level and around Lake Titicaca presents a&nbsp;strong climatic variability and a high degree of solar radiation, and also long&nbsp;periods of draught as well as persistent rains accompanied by floods. Before&nbsp;the Lupacas and Tihuanaco Inca period, a vast irrigation system was created,&nbsp;both for agriculture and for climatic control, around the lake, applying a very&nbsp;effective technology (the qochas and waru waru).&nbsp;The &ldquo;qochas&rdquo; are artificial depressions, something like wide wells, filled by&nbsp;rainwater which is used&nbsp;for agricultural irrigation purposes. They usually have&nbsp;an elliptical shape, sometime rectangular, sometimes irregular. Their depth&nbsp;varies but it is never less than 2 m, the width anything between 90 and 150 m&nbsp;in diameter, thus covering an&nbsp;area of 6000 to 13000 m2.&nbsp;The qochas may collect and retain water for several months, reducing the risk&nbsp;of damage to crops by frost, and also providing water for domestic use and for&nbsp;the animals. Nowadays many qochas are deteriorating due to human activity&nbsp;and salinization.&nbsp;The &ldquo;waru waru&rdquo;, also known as &ldquo;camellones&rdquo;, are a combination of long&nbsp;narrow, high and low strips of land, about 2 m wide and very long. The lowerstrips are submerged by 1 m of water whereas the higher are cultivated. On&nbsp;lake Titicaca, for example, the height of these fields ranges between 20 and 75&nbsp;cm, the width varies from 5 to 10 metres and their length may reach 50 m. The&nbsp;advantage of such system of cultivation in these regions is apparent: irrigation&nbsp;and drainage of arable land are made easier, but most of all it regulates the&nbsp;microclimate of high ground cultivations. This is very important since a rise by&nbsp;one metre in the water level of the lake would flood 25.000 hectares of arable&nbsp;land. With this system over 10 tonnes of potatoes per hectare can be produced,&nbsp;as opposed to 4 tonnes in areas away from the lake.&nbsp;Recent experiences have shown how the waru waru technique requires a&nbsp;minimal capital investment, how effectively it exploits collective work practices&nbsp;and how it encourages production and productivity in indigenous agriculture.</p>
 
            <h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Survival prospects</h2>
            <p>Technique still in use.</p>

            <h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Images</h2>
            <p><img alt="" src="https://tkwb.org/libs/kcfinder/upload/images/Bolivia_01.jpg" style="width: 522px; height: 352px;" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="https://tkwb.org/libs/kcfinder/upload/images/Bolivia_02.jpg" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em; width: 405px; height: 370px;" /></p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://tkwb.org/libs/kcfinder/upload/images/Bolivia_03.jpg" style="width: 588px; height: 958px;" /></p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://tkwb.org/libs/kcfinder/upload/images/Bolivia_04.jpg" style="width: 700px; height: 477px;" /></p>

            <h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Deepening</h2>
            
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          <td align="center" valign="top"><h3>TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUE DATA</h3>
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              <td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"><a href="/index.php?title=GENERAL_DEFINITION_OF_THE_TECHNIQUE_WATER_HARVESTING_IN_POOLS_AND_CISTERNS">WATER HARVESTING IN POOLS AND CISTERNS </a></td>
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              <td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"><a href="/index.php?title=C_Water_management"  >C - Water management</a></td>
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              <td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">C2</td>
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              <td><a href="/index.php?title=WATER_HARVESTING_IN_POOLS_AND_CISTERNS_LOCAL_APPLICATION_OF_THE_TECHNIQUE"><div style="height: 30px; width: 30px; border: 1px solid #000000; background-color: #FAE7B4; float: left; margin-right: 5px;">

              </div></a><a href="/index.php?title=WATER_HARVESTING_IN_POOLS_AND_CISTERNS_LOCAL_APPLICATION_OF_THE_TECHNIQUE">Other Local applications of the technique</a></td>
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              <td><h3>RELATED TECHNIQUES</h3></td>
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              <td> <div style="width: 110px; height: 182px; font-size: 11px; text-align: center; float:left;  line-height: 1; cursor: pointer;" ><div style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; margin-left: 5px; margin-top: 2px; width: 35px; padding-left: 1px;">B10</div><a href="/index.php/GENERAL_DEFINITION_OF_THE_TECHNIQUE_TECHNIQUE_OF_SOIL_IRRIGATION"> <img src="https://tkwb.org/imgcategory/B10.jpg" width="100" height="100" />TECHNIQUE OF SOIL IRRIGATION </a></div><div style="width: 110px; height: 182px; font-size: 11px; text-align: center; float:left;  line-height: 1; cursor: pointer;" ><div style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left; margin-left: 5px; margin-top: 2px; width: 35px; padding-left: 1px;">B1</div><a href="/index.php/GENERAL_DEFINITION_OF_THE_TECHNIQUE_TERRACING_SYSTEMS"> <img src="https://tkwb.org/imgcategory/B1.jpg" width="100" height="100" />TERRACING SYSTEMS </a></div> </td>
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              <td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align:top; width:40%">Author:</td>
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	              <tr><td>IPOGEA, www.ipogea.org</td></tr>
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              <td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align:top;">Other authors:</td>
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              <td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align:top;">Reference:</td>
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              <td><img src="https://tkwb.org/imgcategory/ITKI.jpg" height="60" style="padding-right: 10px; cursor: pointer;" class="tkwb-enable-link" data-obj-link="ITKI" /><img src="/initcp/img/logo.png" height="60"  style="padding-right: 10px; cursor: pointer;" class="tkwb-enable-link" data-obj-link="TKWB" /><img src="https://tkwb.org/imgcategory/sitti.jpg" height="60" class="tkwb-enable-link" data-obj-link="SITTI" /></td>
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