Admintkwb: Text replacement - "http://tkwb.org" to "https://tkwb.org"

2023-06-15T10:12:21Z

Text replacement - "http://tkwb.org" to "https://tkwb.org"

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Admintkwb: Text replacement - "oldtkwb.dev.esacor.com" to "tkwb.org"

2023-05-09T02:04:53Z

Text replacement - "oldtkwb.dev.esacor.com" to "tkwb.org"

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Admintkwb: Text replacement - ""/imgcategory/" to ""http://oldtkwb.dev.esacor.com/imgcategory/"

2022-06-30T12:48:50Z

Text replacement - ""/imgcategory/" to ""http://oldtkwb.dev.esacor.com/imgcategory/"

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<td><font style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 24px; padding: 10px;">GENERAL DEFINITION OF THE TECHNIQUE</font></td>

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<td><font style="font-size: 16px;">Technique: </font></td>
<td style="padding-left:10px;"><font style="font-size: 20px; padding-left:10px; font-weight: normal;">RAW CLAY STRUCTURES</font></td>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Definition characters description and diffusion</h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Adobe constructions allow fuel saving which would otherwise be necessary to fire bricks, and also </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">provide better thermal insulation of the buildings. The material used is easily found and treated.</span></p>

<h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">General characters description and diffusion</h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">In the </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Sahara, the red soil of the desert is still ground and mixed with water and with straw that increases its </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">binding capacity. By means of wooden moulds it is shaped into rectangular bricks, the so-called </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Arabian tub. Through Andalusian Spain the term adobe (al-toub) derives from tub, which is generally </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">used to indicate raw earth-brick structures. Dried in the sun, the bricks become resistant, thus no trees </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">need to be cut down for firing them. The thick walls of the dwellings are made of these bricks, which </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">create a perfectly insulated inner environment, suitable for both torrid summer days and cold winter </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">nights. The rooms inside the dwellings do not have an exact function, but their use depends on the </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">seasons and climate changes. The terraces too, surrounded by high adobe walls, turn into ventilated </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">bedrooms with the starry sky as a ceiling on hot summer nights. </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">In the Sahara, the most archaic building system of adobe walls uses semi-spherical raw earth-bricks. </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">This technique is still used for the perimeter walls of the cropping areas. Both their shape and the </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">method of laying them make these walls very similar to the 'herringbone' masonry work, made of </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">plano-convex bricks and produced in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium. A wicker basket is used as a </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">mould, and the bricks, after having been dried in the sun, are arranged in alternate oblique strips, thus </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">shaping a herringbone design. The interstices in the wall form a sort of decorative 'open-work', which </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">is above all the most suitable protection against sandstorms. A completely closed barrier, in fact, </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">would cause heaps of materials carried by the wind and the plots would be progressively buried in </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">sand. This building technique is supposed to provide gardens with a greater water supply. At night, the </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">wind blows against the convex sides of the bricks and releases humidity into the earth the walls are </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">composed of. During the day, the hot wind penetrates the interstices in the wall and reaches the </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">garden, where heat is absorbed and the temperature decreases. </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Other types of bricks still in use in sub-Saharan Africa are mere hand moulded spheres. In southern </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Arabia, instead, by directly pressing wooden moulds on the rolled-out mud mixture, wide and flat </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">bricks are made. Long muddy 'sausages' are also made, hand shaped and arranged in consecutive </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">spirals to form a wall. However, a technique that does not use bricks is the so-called pisé: the raw earth </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">mixture is poured into wooden moulds and pressed. Once the mixture has dried up, the wooden </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">planks are taken off and used again to make another form. This practice is shown in the ancient </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Egyptian drawings. </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">The sites of Çatal Hüyük in Anatolia near Konya and of Jarmo at the foot of the Zagros mountains in </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Iraq are all Neolithic settlements, made of adobe bricks only, just like the first constructions in </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Jericho. In particular, due to its size and the complexity of its structures as well as to the quality and </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">quantity of findings, the site of Çatal Hüyük is so important that it is thought to have been the first </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">town ever built, the cradle of civilisation. Buried in a tell of about 7 hectares, only a very small part of </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">which has been excavated and with huge difficulties, the large built-up area consists of a series of </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">closely clustered habitats made of adobe bricks only. </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">The site plan and the materials used in Çatal Hüyük are very similar to those of the thousands of </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">adobe-construction settlements in the Saharan oases, which are still inhabited. Adobe constructions </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">and clustered habitats are used here because they suit the local environment and climate conditions </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">and the need for a careful use of natural resources. </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">This kind of close-built structure continue to be used in California for valuable adobe houses and in </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Southern Italy and in the Loire in France, where the houses in the caves are the most appreciated and </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">costly. </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">In the Hadramaut valley, in southern Yemen, the old knowledge is perpetuated in order to build a </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">complex adobe city system along the arid course of the wadi, transformed into a rich valley full of life </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">and cultivations. Each family can inhabit elaborate buildings since the low cost of the materials and </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">the social cooperation enable everyone to erect beautiful constructions.</span></p>

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<h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Advantages and sustainability</h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Raw clay bricks are beneficial because the materials needed to construct them are easily found and do not need to be heated or cooked which allows for fuel savings. These raaw clay bricks also provide better insulation for the structures in which they are used.</span></p>

<h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Images</h2>

<h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Deepening</h2>

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<td align="center" valign="top"><h3>TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUE DATA</h3>
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<td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">RAW CLAY STRUCTURES</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"><a href="/index.php?title=E_Settlements_architecture_and_movable_handworks">E - Settlements, architecture and movable handworks</a></td>
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<td style="background-color: #999999; font-weight: bold;">Identification code</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">E8e</td>
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<td><a href="/index.php?title=RAW_CLAY_STRUCTURES_LOCAL_APPLICATION_OF_THE_TECHNIQUE"><div style="height: 30px; width: 30px; border: 1px solid #000000; background-color: #FAE7B4; float: left; margin-right: 5px;">

</div></a><a href="/index.php?title=RAW_CLAY_STRUCTURES_LOCAL_APPLICATION_OF_THE_TECHNIQUE">Local applications of the technique</a></td>
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<td><a href="/index.php?title=RAW_CLAY_STRUCTURES_SUCCESS_STORY"><div style="height: 30px; width: 30px; border: 1px solid #000000; background-color: #D9D3EB; float: left; margin-right: 5px;">

</div></a><a href="/index.php?title=RAW_CLAY_STRUCTURES_SUCCESS_STORY">Success stories</a></td>
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<td><a href="/index.php?title=RAW_CLAY_STRUCTURES_INNOVATIVE_TECHNOLOGIES_AND_SOLUTIONS"><div style="height: 30px; width: 30px; border: 1px solid #000000; background-color: #F7DCE5; float: left; margin-right: 5px;">

</div></a><a href="/index.php?title=RAW_CLAY_STRUCTURES_INNOVATIVE_TECHNOLOGIES_AND_SOLUTIONS">Innovative technologies and solutions</a></td>
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<td><h3>RELATED TECHNIQUES</h3></td>
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<tr><td>IPOGEA, www.ipogea.org</td></tr>
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GENERAL DEFINITION OF THE TECHNIQUE RAW CLAY STRUCTURES - Revision history

Admintkwb: Text replacement - "http://tkwb.org" to "https://tkwb.org"

Admintkwb: Text replacement - "oldtkwb.dev.esacor.com" to "tkwb.org"

Admintkwb: Text replacement - ""/imgcategory/" to ""http://oldtkwb.dev.esacor.com/imgcategory/"