Admintkwb: Text replacement - "http://tkwb.org" to "https://tkwb.org"

2023-06-15T10:12:17Z

Text replacement - "http://tkwb.org" to "https://tkwb.org"

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Admintkwb: Text replacement - "oldtkwb.dev.esacor.com" to "tkwb.org"

2023-05-09T02:29:43Z

Text replacement - "oldtkwb.dev.esacor.com" to "tkwb.org"

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Admintkwb: Text replacement - ""/imgcategory/" to ""http://oldtkwb.dev.esacor.com/imgcategory/"

2022-06-30T12:48:54Z

Text replacement - ""/imgcategory/" to ""http://oldtkwb.dev.esacor.com/imgcategory/"

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<td><font style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 24px; padding: 10px;">GENERAL DEFINITION OF THE TECHNIQUE</font></td>

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<td><font style="font-size: 16px;">Technique: </font></td>
<td style="padding-left:10px;"><font style="font-size: 20px; padding-left:10px; font-weight: normal;">COURTYARD HYPOGEA</font></td>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Definition characters description and diffusion</h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">A pit-courtyard acts as an impluvium and provides an open-air sunny space, surrounded by walls, <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">which can be used for agricultural work and preparation of food. Some of these courtyards are used for </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">collecting waste and produce humus, and form gardens carved out of the rock. This technique solves </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">the problem of infertile soil and the need to protect plants.</span></p>

<h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">General characters description and diffusion</h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;"> Very similar cultivation methods have been </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">found in Petra, in the Jordanian desert. A space hewn in the rock, closed towards the outside and open </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">towards the sky, was the origin of courtyard dwellings used by the Sumerians, the Egyptians, in the </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Etruscan and classical world, and in the Islamic world too. A courtyard dwelling arrangement is </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">actually the equivalent in buildings of what can be observed from cave dwelling architecture. A similar </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">but artificial structure can be found in the Neolithic flint mines, of which the largest examples in </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Europe are on the Gargano promontory (Di Lernia et al., 1990). </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">On this model, a new type of dwelling was made consisting of an open-air semicircular common </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">courtyard dug vertically downwards on a flat surface; this is a communal pit-courtyard, the vicinato a </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">pozzo, and from its walls a system of underground rooms are tunnelled through, parallel to the </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">ground. In the Mediterranean area it can be found on the highlands near Matera, in the Turkish region </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">of Cappadocia, along the limestone banks of the River Loire in France, on the clayey shelves of </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Matmata in Tunisia, in the Libyan desert and in the south of Spain. In Lybia in the gebel Nefusa and </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Garian, the dwelling of the patriarchal family, of pre-islamic origin, comprising a pit-courtyard with </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">radially excavated rooms, is called damùs, a term that can be connected with dammusi, which is the </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">name used in Pantelleria for the traditional passive architecture dwellings. </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">In the most complex systems of this type, the tunnels are connected underground with other tunnels </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">that radiate from other pit-courtyards, resulting in the landscape showing a number of large holes </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">connected by a starry network of underground passageways. In China, on the loess plains along the </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Yellow River, even more complex systems can be found. There, the vertical hollow is not semicircular, </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">but it is dug in precise rectangular shapes. These dwellings are still inhabited by millions of Chinese </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">people. Similar structures can also be found in North America, all along the Chaco Canyon, in the </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">Anasazi Indian villages called pueblo, which existed from the prehistoric age up to the 12th century </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">AD. However similar structures are much more technologically advanced, consisting of pit-courtyards </span><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">called kiva and made of massive dry stonewalls.</span></p>

<h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Advantages and sustainability</h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The structures create a space to perform agricultural techniques as well as create humus which then fertilizes the agricultural processes. Soil is made usable and the plants are protected.</p>

<h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Images</h2>

<h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Deepening</h2>

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<td align="center" valign="top"><h3>TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUE DATA</h3>
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<td style="background-color: #999999; font-weight: bold;">Technique</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">COURTYARD HYPOGEA</td>
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<td style="background-color: #999999; font-weight: bold;">Cathegory</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"><a href="/index.php?title=E_Settlements_architecture_and_movable_handworks">E - Settlements, architecture and movable handworks</a></td>
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<td style="background-color: #999999; font-weight: bold;">Identification code</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">E2b</td>
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<td><a href="/index.php?title=COURTYARD_HYPOGEA_LOCAL_APPLICATION_OF_THE_TECHNIQUE"><div style="height: 30px; width: 30px; border: 1px solid #000000; background-color: #FAE7B4; float: left; margin-right: 5px;">

</div></a><a href="/index.php?title=COURTYARD_HYPOGEA_LOCAL_APPLICATION_OF_THE_TECHNIQUE">Local applications of the technique</a></td>
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<td><a href="/index.php?title=COURTYARD_HYPOGEA_SUCCESS_STORY"><div style="height: 30px; width: 30px; border: 1px solid #000000; background-color: #D9D3EB; float: left; margin-right: 5px;">

</div></a><a href="/index.php?title=COURTYARD_HYPOGEA_SUCCESS_STORY">Success stories</a></td>
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<td><a href="/index.php?title=COURTYARD_HYPOGEA_INNOVATIVE_TECHNOLOGIES_AND_SOLUTIONS"><div style="height: 30px; width: 30px; border: 1px solid #000000; background-color: #F7DCE5; float: left; margin-right: 5px;">

</div></a><a href="/index.php?title=COURTYARD_HYPOGEA_INNOVATIVE_TECHNOLOGIES_AND_SOLUTIONS">Innovative technologies and solutions</a></td>
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<td><h3>RELATED TECHNIQUES</h3></td>
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<td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align:top; width:40%">Author:</td>
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<tr><td>Ipogea</td></tr>
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<td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align:top;">Reference:</td>
<td>www.ipogea.org</td>
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GENERAL DEFINITION OF THE TECHNIQUE COURTYARD HYPOGEA - Revision history

Admintkwb: Text replacement - "http://tkwb.org" to "https://tkwb.org"

Admintkwb: Text replacement - "oldtkwb.dev.esacor.com" to "tkwb.org"

Admintkwb: Text replacement - ""/imgcategory/" to ""http://oldtkwb.dev.esacor.com/imgcategory/"