View source for LOCAL APPLICATION OF THE TECHNIQUE SOIL WORKING AND TECHNIQUES 31

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<!--  <h1 style="font-size: 16px; color: #AAAAAA; border-bottom: 0; font-weight: bold">SOIL WORKING AND TECHNIQUES - Uttarakhand, INDIA</h1>-->
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      <td><font style="font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; font-size: 24px; padding: 10px;">LOCAL APPLICATION OF THE TECHNIQUE</font></td>
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		              <td><img src="https://tkwb.org/imgcategory/B11.jpg" style="padding: 10px; height: 120px;" /></td>
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				                <td><font style="font-size: 16px; padding-left: 8px;">Technique:</font></td>
		        		        <td style="padding-left:10px;"><font style="font-size: 20px;">SOIL WORKING AND TECHNIQUES</font></td>
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						        <td><font style="font-size: 16px; ">Local name:</font></td>
				        		<td style="padding-left:10px;"><font style="font-size: 20px;">Rice cultivation</font></td>
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                				<td><font style="font-size: 16px; padding-left: 54px;">Site:</font></td>
                				<td style="padding-left:10px;"><font style="font-size: 20px;">Uttarakhand, INDIA</font></td>
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            <h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Location</h2>
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                <td width="196"><img onclick="window.open('http://web.tkwb.org/tkwb/public/getMap?latitude=30.06&longitude=79.01&technique=B11.jpg')" style=" cursor: pointer; height: 174px;" src="https://tkwb.org/imgcategory/earth.jpg" >
                <p align="center">Click the globe to see the techinique on Google Map</p>
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                <td><b>Continent:</b> Asia
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                <b>Country:</b> India
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                <b>Site:</b> Uttarakhand
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                <b>Coordinates:</b>
                <br>Lat: 
                30.06
                <br>Long: 
                79.01</td>
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            <h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Description of the local variant of the technique</h2>
            <p style="text-align: justify;">OPERATIONS FOR RICE CULTIVATION:&nbsp;</p>

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<strong>Field preparation: manuring and plowing</strong>&nbsp;<br />
Plowing is done more than two times before sowing paddy. Weeding is done at least three to&nbsp;four times, one after 20-25 days of sowing followed by another weeding after one month and&nbsp;finally few days before harvesting.</p>

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<strong>Nursery</strong><br />
For irrigated field, nursery is raised about 30-45 days before the transplantation. It is done by&nbsp;two methods: dry nursery and wet nursery.</p>

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<strong>Transplantation (Thakuli method)</strong><br />
The seedlings are tied in small bundles and carried to the field for transplantation. In this&nbsp;method, plants of 12-15 days are transplanted. The distance between plants to plant is about&nbsp;30 cm.&nbsp;</p>

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<strong>Harvesting</strong><br />
The grain reaps in about 30-40 days after flowering. Water is drained off 2-3 weeks before&nbsp;harvesting to ensure the better yield. The entire plant is cut from the base with the help of&nbsp;sickle, and is spread over the ground for Sun drying. After complete drying these plants are&nbsp;piled at one place in bundled or loose, depending upon the farmer&rsquo;s ease.</p>

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<strong>Threshing&nbsp;</strong><br />
Threshing is done in the field. Two methods are popular for threshing: By beating the bulk of&nbsp;paddy on some hard thing like wood or stone after spreading tarpaulin over it or by feet.&nbsp;Threshing of paddy for seed and food is done separately.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Winnowing</strong><br />
After threshing the grain is separated by winnowing. It is done by throwing grains on the&nbsp;tarpaulin from about 5-6 feet height with the help of suppu (another implement made of local&nbsp;bamboo variety, used to separate the grains from dust). After cleaning, grains are carried to&nbsp;home where they are stored.&nbsp;</p>

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<strong>Storage</strong><br />
Grains or seeds are stored soon after threshing, cleaning and sun drying for at least 2 days. The&nbsp;seed for next year&rsquo;s crop is stored separately in smaller storing devices locally called Dhakwali,&nbsp;Kwanda, Sajoli and Tomri.&nbsp;</p>

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<strong>Weeding</strong><br />
Regular flooding of water in the irrigated field controls most of the common weeds, whereas in&nbsp;the rainfed fields, at least three to four weeding are done depending upon the season and weed&nbsp;population. Weeding is done manually and care is taken to uproot the weeds before the&nbsp;flowering stage to avoid further spreading of its seed.&nbsp;</p>

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<strong>Pest management</strong><br />
Some plants and plant products are commonly used in Uttarakhand for pest control in paddy:&nbsp;Persian Liliac, Neem, Pongam, Aloe, Garlic, Basil, Vitex, Tobacco and Marigold.&nbsp;Rice apart from being a source of food is intimately related with all the religious, cultural and&nbsp;social functions of the life of hill people. It also provides feed for cattle, thereby, reducing&nbsp;pressure on grazing land and forests. Thus, rice helps to balance the delicate ecosystem of<br />
Himalayas, where fodder scarcity is more acute. Rice is cultivated in hills of state in two distinct&nbsp;environments; terraces and valleys. The promising rice establishment method in terraces is&nbsp;direct-seeded (dry seed and dry soil), while valleys are transplanted (establishment of&nbsp;seedlings in nursery and subsequently transplanted in well puddled fields).&nbsp;Rice is the major cereal crop of kharif season accounting for more than 54 percent of the total&nbsp;area under cereals in the state. The annual rice production of the state is around 5.5 lakh&nbsp;tonnes from an area of about 2.80 lakh hectares. Half of this area is in the plains and half in the&nbsp;hills, but the total rice production of the hills is twice the total production of the hills. Rice is&nbsp;cultivated in all the 13 districts of the state, but maximum area (33%) is in district Udham&nbsp;Singh Nagar which produces about 48% of the total rice produced annually in the state.&nbsp;Districts Nainital, Hardwar and Dehradun occupy about 17.5 per cent area and contribute 22.2&nbsp;per cent in the total production.The rice growing area in the state is about 2.8 lakh hectares and production is 5.7 lakh quintals.&nbsp;Half of this area is in the hills and half in the plains, but the total production in the plains is&nbsp;almost two and half times the production in the hills. The average productivity of the state is&nbsp;20.39 q/ha. There is a wide gap between the productivity of hills (12.55 q/ha) and productivity&nbsp;of the plains (27.55 q/ha).&nbsp;Rice is used in almost all rituals in the state from the birth to the death. Sowing time is decided&nbsp;by the Hindu colander.&nbsp;Rice is also used to make several recipes including the most famous &lsquo;Arsa&rsquo; kind of sweet made&nbsp;during the marriages or festivals. Sweet rice is made during the marriage parties.</p>
 
            <h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Survival prospects</h2>
            
            <h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Images</h2>
            <p><img alt="" src="https://tkwb.org/libs/kcfinder/upload/images/india.rice1.jpg" style="width: 600px; height: 450px;" /></p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://tkwb.org/libs/kcfinder/upload/images/india.rice2.jpg" style="width: 500px; height: 373px;" /></p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://tkwb.org/libs/kcfinder/upload/images/india.rice3.jpg" style="width: 600px; height: 392px;" /></p>

<p><img alt="" src="https://tkwb.org/libs/kcfinder/upload/images/india.rice4.jpg" style="width: 600px; height: 399px;" /></p>

            <h2 style="margin-top: 50px;">Deepening</h2>
            
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          <td align="center" valign="top"><h3>TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUE DATA</h3>
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              <td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"><a href="/index.php?title=GENERAL_DEFINITION_OF_THE_TECHNIQUE_SOIL_WORKING_AND_TECHNIQUES">SOIL WORKING AND TECHNIQUES</a></td>
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              <td style="background-color: #999999; font-weight: bold;">Cathegory</td>
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              <td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"><a href="/index.php?title=B_Agriculture"  >B - Agriculture</a></td>
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              <td style="background-color: #999999; font-weight: bold;">Identification code</td>
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              <td style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">B11</td>
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              <td><a href="/index.php?title=SOIL_WORKING_AND_TECHNIQUES_LOCAL_APPLICATION_OF_THE_TECHNIQUE"><div style="height: 30px; width: 30px; border: 1px solid #000000; background-color: #FAE7B4; float: left; margin-right: 5px;">

              </div></a><a href="/index.php?title=SOIL_WORKING_AND_TECHNIQUES_LOCAL_APPLICATION_OF_THE_TECHNIQUE">Other Local applications of the technique</a></td>
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              <td><h3>RELATED TECHNIQUES</h3></td>
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              <td>  </td>
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              <td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align:top; width:40%">Author:</td>
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	              <tr><td>IPOGEA, www.ipogea.org</td></tr>
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              <td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align:top;">Other authors:</td>
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              <td style="font-weight: bold; vertical-align:top;">Reference:</td>
              <td>Project "Knowledge, health and food for all" coordinated by the ONG Ricerca e 
Cooperazione ( www.ongrc.org )</td>
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